Researchers generated complete genomes of two important bat species and explored their immune- and cancer-related genes.
研究人生了，重要蝙蝠物的完整基因，探索了其免疫及癌相的基因。
While Batman may lack inborn superpowers, real bats have evolved numerous extraordinary adaptations, including flight, longevity, echolocation, low cancer rates, and robust immune systems.
管蝙蝠可能缺乏生俱的超能力，不真正的蝙蝠已演化出，多令人的能力，包括行、、定位、低癌生率及大的免疫系。
“All of those things make bats a really interesting model to add to the … model species that we have for humans,” said Armin Scheben, a postdoctoral fellow at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
美冷泉港室(CSHL)博士後特研究，Armin Scheben宣：「所有那些事情使得蝙蝠成一，添加到人而言，我有之模型物中，非常令人感趣的模型。」
In a recent paper published in Genome Biology and Evolution, a group of CSHL researchers including Scheben, Adam Siepel, and Richard McCombie sequenced two important bat species to learn more about the genetics behind bat superpowers.
在最近表於《基因生物暨演化》的一篇文中，一群包括Scheben、Adam Siepel及Richard McCombie的CSHL研究人排序了，重要的蝙蝠物，以悉更多有蝙蝠超能力背後的。
Scientists consider bats to be pathogen reservors thanks to their immune systems that keep numerous viruses in check. “Bats are very social organisms that roost together, which will allow a virus to spread in their population,” said Scheben.
科家，蝙蝠是病原存。由於，它的免疫系抑制不少的病毒。Scheben宣：「蝙蝠是一起息之非常社交性的生物。使病毒，在其群中散播。」
When bats interact with other animals, these viruses can also spillover into new hosts. If a host’s immune system is not accustomed to a certain pathogen, the virus can cause disease and spread throughout a new population.
蝙蝠其他物交互作用，此些病毒也溢出到新宿主身上。倘若宿主的免疫系不某病原，病毒就引起疾病散布遍及新的群。
There are numerous confirmed or suspected spillover events from bats to humans that led to dangerous outbreaks, including the Marburg virus and the first SARS outbreak. Bats may have also played a role in the COVID pandemic. Understanding bats’ antiviral immune responses could inform future infectious disease treatments.
有多或遭疑，致包括堡病毒(人非人物中的一出血病毒)，及首次重急性呼吸道症候群(SARS：Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)等，致了危疫情爆之蝙蝠到人的溢出事件。在冠病毒症(COVID：Coronavirus Disease)大流行病中，蝙蝠可能也曾扮演一角色。解蝙蝠的抗病毒免疫反，可能未的染病法提供。
In their recent paper, Scheben and his colleagues generated the first complete genome sequences of the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), which is a mammalian model organism, and the Mesoamerican mustached bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus).
在他最近的文中，Scheben及其同僚生了，牙加果蝠(Artibeus jamaicensis，一哺乳物的模型生物)及中美洲小子蝙蝠(Pteronotus mesoamericanus)的第一完整基因序列。
Collaborators at the American Museum of Natural History collected the bat samples from the Lamanai Archaeological Reserve in Belize before the researchers analyzed the genomes using long read sequencing.
於美自然史博物的共同研究者，在此些研究人使用排序法，分析些基因之前。位於(中美洲岸)里斯拉奈考古保留，收集了些蝙蝠本。
In contrast to common next generation sequencing methods that read only short nucleic acid fragments, long read sequencing produces lengthier sequences that encompass genomic features commonly missed in short read genome alignments, which are important for studying mammalian immune genes.
短核酸片段之常的次世代排序法截然不同，排序法生包含，在短基因比中，普遍漏之基因部分的序列。就研究哺乳物的免疫基因而言，些是重要的。
"Immune genes are often tandem duplicated,” said Scheben. “We have one gene that takes care of a certain kind of pathogen response, but then you need to tweak it a little bit to be able to adapt to a new pathogen. So, it's handy to be able to copy it and then get some new function.”
Scheben宣：「免疫基因通常是串重的。我有一基因某病原反，不其後需要稍微整它，才能新的病原。因此，能它，然後得一些新功能，是手可得的。」
1. 中美洲小子蝙蝠(如所示)及牙加果蝠失去了，大量其抗病毒免疫反，具有多密切的干素-α(IFN-α：Interferon-α)物。
The Mesoamerican mustached bat (shown here) and the Jamaican fruit bat lost numerous copies of IFN-α, which has implications for their antiviral immune response.
When comparing the newly sequenced bat genomes to other mammals, the researchers found that some immune gene families were expanded. However, they also detected numerous immune loci where duplicated genes were lost.
行新排序之蝙蝠其他哺乳物基因的比，此些研究人，一些免疫基因群是增的。然而，他也多重之基因失的免疫位。
The researchers’ most notable finding was the contraction of the type I interferon (IFN) locus, which includes antiviral genes. In most mammals, this region is large, containing many duplications. Here, the sequenced bats had lost most or all the genes that produce IFN-α.
此些研究人最值得注意的是包括，抗病毒基因之I型干素(IFN)基因座的收。於大多哺乳物中，此域很大，包含多的重。
They hypothesized that this loss causes a greater reliance on IFN-ω genes, leading to a weaker inflammatory response and a stronger antiviral response. This strategy could control viral infections while preventing an immune response that is damaging to the host.
他推，此失致更依IFN-ω基因。致使一弱的炎反，而的抗病毒反。此策略可以控制病毒感染，同防止一宿主的免疫反。
The researchers also observed positive selection for genes with cancer implications. “We found that there are a large number of these antitumor genes that are evolving rapidly, accumulating many bat-specific genetic changes,” said Scheben.
此些研究人也察到，癌有之基因的正向。Scheben宣：「我，有大量些抗瘤基因正快速演化中，累了多蝙蝠特有的基因改。」
These changes may be suppressing cancer in bats and could highlight mechanisms important in the cancer responses of other mammals. Some of these genes also contribute to the immune response, which highlights the interconnectedness of cancer and the immune system.
此些化或抑制了於蝙蝠中的癌，因此可能突其他哺乳物，於癌反中的重要制。此些基因中，有些也有助於免疫反。凸了癌免疫系的交互性。
“What I really find intriguing is that different bats evolved to have specific mechanisms for controlling virus infections or dealing with DNA damage,” said Kevin Ciminski, junior leader of the bat influenza group at the University of Freiburg who wasn't involved in the study. “This is a very valuable resource for people working with bats, bat immunology, and also comparative immunology.”
弗堡大，未涉及研究的蝙蝠流感副，Kevin Ciminski宣：「我真正引起好奇的是，不同的蝙蝠演化出具有，控制病毒感染或理DNA的特有制。研究蝙蝠、蝙蝠免疫及比免疫的人而言，是非常的源。」
With these new leads suggesting important factors for immune and cancer responses, Ciminski and Scheben agree that functional studies in mammalian systems are the next step.
由於此些暗示了免疫及癌反之重要因素的新索，Ciminski及Scheben一致，下一步是於哺乳物系中的多功能研究。
“We think these leads can be very useful after further experimental validation … to understand how bats may be able to resist viral infections,” said Scheben. “Some of the leads that we've generated in the long run could contribute to the development of new therapeutics for human health in the treatment of cancer and viral infections.”
Scheben宣：「在一步的，解蝙蝠如何能抵抗病毒感染後，我，此些索非常有用…。看，我生的一些索可能有助於供人健康，在治癌及病毒感染上使用新法。」
址：https://www.the-scientist.com/news/the-evolution-of-bats-super-immunity-71555
翻：
文章定位：
