Brain, gut and immune system were fine-tuned after split from common ancestor of chimpanzees
大、道及免疫系，在黑猩猩的共同祖先分道後，了微。
1. 右，小鼠胞的明光亮示了，人衍生的基因增子，HAQER0059左600年前，增子版本的有效性照。
A team of Duke researchers has identified a group of human DNA sequences driving changes in brain development, digestion and immunity that seem to have evolved rapidly after our family line split from that of the chimpanzees, but before we split with the Neanderthals.
美杜克大一支研究人已，一在大育、消化及免疫力方面，化的人DNA序列，似乎在人族系黑猩猩族系分道之後，不在尼安德塔人分之前，已迅速演化。
Our brains are bigger, and are guts are shorter than our ape peers.
人大比同人猿大，而道短。
“A lot of the traits that we think of as uniquely human, and human-specific, probably appear during that time period,” in the 7.5 million years since the split with the common ancestor we share with the chimpanzee, said Craig Lowe, Ph.D., an assistant professor of molecular genetics and microbiology in the Duke School of Medicine.
杜克大院分子及微生物助理教授，Craig Lowe博士宣，打人黑猩猩共有共同祖先，分道後的750年，「多我是人有且特有的特，很可能在那期出。」
Specifically, the DNA sequences in question, which the researchers have dubbed Human Ancestor Quickly Evolved Regions (HAQERS), pronounced like hackers, regulate genes. They are the switches that tell nearby genes when to turn on and off. The findings appear Nov.23 in the journal CELL.
具，中此些研究人已，人祖先快速演化域(HAQERS)，音像hackers的DNA序列，基因。它是告近基因，何打及的。此些研究，表於2022年11月23日的《CELL》 期刊。
The rapid evolution of these regions of the genome seems to have served as a fine-tuning of regulatory control, Lowe said. More switches were added to the human operating system as sequences developed into regulatory regions, and they were more finely tuned to adapt to environmental or developmental cues. By and large, those changes were advantageous to our species.
Lowe表示，此些基因域的快速演化，似乎已起了性控制的微作用。著多序列展成性域，更多的被添加到人作系中，且它被更精地整，境或展的刺激。的，那些化咱物是有利的。
“They seem especially specific in causing genes to turn on, we think just in certain cell types at certain times of development, or even genes that turn on when the environment changes in some way,” Lowe said.
Lowe宣：「它似乎特具，在致基因方面。我，只是在育某些期的某些胞型中，或甚至是境在某方面生化，的基因。」
A lot of this genomic innovation was found in brain development and the GI tract. “We see lots of regulatory elements that are turning on in these tissues,” Lowe said. “These are the tissues where humans are refining which genes are expressed and at what level.”
多此基因改的事物，是在大育及胃道中被。Lowe宣：「在此些中，我看到多性成分中。此些是人在去存精哪些表及在什水平之基因的。」
Today, our brains are larger than other apes, and our guts are shorter. “People have hypothesized that those two are even linked, because they are two really expensive metabolic tissues to have around,” Lowe said. “I think what we’re seeing is that there wasn’t really one mutation thatgave you a large brain and one mutation that really struck the gut, it was probably many of these small changes over time.”
目前，人大比其他人猿大，而道短。Lowe宣：「人一直假，那器官甚至是示的。因有它在，它是很不的代。我，我所看到的是，有真正使人有大大的突，及真正影道的突。著推移，有多此些小化是可能的。」
To produce the new findings, Lowe’s lab collaborated with Duke colleagues Tim Reddy, an associate professor of biostatistics and bioinformatics, and Debra Silver, an associate professor of molecular genetics and microbiology to tap their expertise. Reddy’s lab is capable of looking at millions of genetic switches at once and Silver is watching switches in action in developing mouse brains.
了提出此些新，Lowe的室杜克大同僚，生物及生物副教授Tim Reddy，及分子微生物副教授Debra Silver合作，以利用他的知。Reddy的室能同百基因。而Silver正在察，小鼠大育程中，作中的。
“Our contribution was, if we could bring both of those technologies together, then we could look at hundreds of switches in this sort of complex developing tissue, which you can't really get from a cell line,” Lowe said.
Lowe宣：「我的是，倘若能那技合在一起，那我可能在的育中，察百不能真正胞系得的。」
“We wanted to identify switches that were totally new in humans,” Lowe said. Computationally, they were able to infer what the human-chimp ancestor’s DNA would have been like, as well as the extinct Neanderthal and Denisovan lineages.
Lowe宣：「我想，於人中全新的。」算上，除了之尼安德塔人丹尼索瓦人的血之外，他也能推人黑猩猩祖先的DNA，可能曾像什。
The researchers were able to compare the genome sequences of these other post-chimpanzee relatives thanks to databases created from the pioneering work of 2022 Nobel laureate Svante Pääbo.
由於自2022年得主，Svante Pääbo性研究生的，研究人能比，此些其他後黑猩猩之物的基因序列。
“So, we know the Neanderthal sequence, but let's test that Neanderthal sequence and see if it can really turn on genes or not,” which they did dozens of times.
「因此，我知道尼安德塔人的序列。不，我尼安德塔人的序列，能否打基因。」他做了十次。
“And we showed that, whoa, this really is a switch that turns on and off genes,” Lowe said. “It was really fun to see that new gene regulation came from totally new switches, rather than just sort of rewiring switches that already existed.”
Lowe宣：「哇，果我了，是一打及基因的。那新的基因自多全新的，而不只是那重新已存在的，真的很有趣。」
Along with the positive traits that HAQERs gave humans, they can also be implicated in some diseases.
除了HAQER予人的明特之外，它也可能某些疾病有。
Most of us have remarkably similar HAQER sequences, but there are some variances, “and we were able to show that those variants tend to correlate with certain diseases,” Lowe said, namely hypertension, neuroblastoma, unipolar depression, bipolar depression and schizophrenia. The mechanisms of action aren’t known yet, and more research will have to be done in these areas, Lowe said.
我大多人具有著相似的HAQER序列，不有一些差。Lowe宣：「因此，我能，那些向某些疾病相。」即高血、神母胞瘤、抑症、抑症及精神分裂症。Lowe表示，此些作用制尚不清楚。因此，在些域，必需行更多研究。
“Maybe human-specific diseases or human-specific susceptibilities to these diseases are going to be preferentially mapped back to these new genetic switches that only exist in humans,” Lowe said.
Lowe宣：「或，人特有的疾病或人此些疾病的特易受影，先被映射回到此些存在於人中的新基因。」
址：https://today.duke.edu/2022/11/human-evolution-wasn%E2%80%99t-just-sheet-music-how-it-was-played
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