V2EX hyponymy

Hyponymy

Definition / 释义

下义关系(下位关系):语义学中的一种词汇关系,指一个词(下义词 hyponym)表示的意义属于另一个更一般的词(上义词 hypernym)所涵盖的类别之中。
例如:roseflower 的下义词;flowerrose 的上义词。
(该词也常用于描述“词与词之间的类别从属关系”。)

Pronunciation / 发音

/hapnmi/

Examples / 例句

In semantics, rose and tulip are examples of hyponymy under flower.
在语义学中,rose(玫瑰)tulip(郁金香)flower(花)这个上义词之下的下义关系例子。

Understanding hyponymy helps explain why “animal” sounds more general than “dog,” and why replacing a hyponym with its hypernym can make a sentence less specific.
理解下义关系有助于解释为什么“animal(动物)”听起来比“dog(狗)”更概括,以及为什么用上义词替换下义词会让句子变得那么具体。

Etymology / 词源

hyponymy 来自希腊语构词:**hypo-**(“在……之下”)+ -onym(“名称、词”)。字面意思接近“在某个名称之下的名称”,用来表示“下位类别词”与“上位类别词”之间的从属关系。

Related Words / 相关词

Literary Works / 文学作品示例

  • John Lyons, Semantics(系统讨论包含hyponymy在内的词汇语义关系)
  • Alan Cruse, Lexical Semantics(以大量例子讲解hyponymy与相关关系)
  • George Yule, The Study of Language(入门教材中介绍hyponymy等基本概念)
  • Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams, An Introduction to Language(语言学教材中常见术语与应用)
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