V2EX upanishads

Upanishads

释义 Definition

Upanishads(奥义书)是古印度的一组哲学文献,属于吠陀经典的最后部分,探讨宇宙本质、自我(灵魂)与终极实在(梵)之间的关系。它们是印度教哲学的核心经典,也对佛教和耆那教产生了深远影响。

发音 Pronunciation

/upndz/

例句 Examples

The Upanishads explore the relationship between the individual soul and the universal spirit.
《奥义书》探讨了个体灵魂与宇宙精神之间的关系。

Many Western philosophers in the 19th century, including Schopenhauer, were profoundly influenced by the Upanishads, which they regarded as among the most illuminating texts ever written.
十九世纪许多西方哲学家,包括叔本华,都深受《奥义书》的影响,他们认为这是人类历史上最具启发性的文献之一。

词源 Etymology

Upanishads 源自梵语 upaniad,由三个部分组成:upa(靠近)、ni(在下方)和 ad(坐),合在一起意为"坐在(老师)近旁",暗示学生虔诚地坐在老师脚下聆听秘密教义。这个词本身就体现了古印度师徒传承的教学传统。《奥义书》最早的部分可追溯至约元前800至500年,是吠陀文献中最晚成书的哲学篇章。

相关词汇 Related Words

文学作品 Literary Works

  • 《奥义书》本身(约公元前800200年):包括《广林奥义书》(Bhadārayaka)和《歌者奥义书》(Chāndogya)等,是印度哲学最重要的原典。
  • T.S. 艾略特《荒原》(The Waste Land, 1922):诗末引用了《广林奥义书》中的教导 "Datta, Dayadhvam, Damyata"(给予、同情、克制),将印度哲学融入现代主义诗歌。
  • 叔本华《作为意志和表象的世界》(The World as Will and Representation, 1818):叔本华称《奥义书》是"人类智慧最崇高的产物",其哲学深受奥义书思想影响。
  • 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生的散文作品:爱默生大量阅读《奥义书》,其超验主义思想中对"超灵"(Over-Soul)的论述直接受到奥义书中"梵我合一"思想的启发。
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