V2EX underdetermined

Underdetermined

Definition / 释义

underdetermined(形容词):(由证据、条件或方程)不足以唯一确定结果的;(在哲学/科学方法论中)指证据无法排除多种相互竞争的解释或理论的情况。常见于数学、统计学与科学哲学语境。(另有较少见用法:指某人的行为/性格“难以被简单归因或解释”。)

Examples / 例句

The system is underdetermined, so there isn’t a single solution.
这个方程组是欠定的,所以不存在唯一解。

In philosophy of science, some argue that theories can be underdetermined by the available evidence, meaning different models may fit the same data equally well.
在科学哲学中,有人认为理论可能被现有证据所“欠定”,也就是说不同模型可能同样符合相同数据。

Pronunciation / 发音(IPA)

/ndrdtmnd/

Etymology / 词源

由前缀 under-(“不足、低于”)+ determined(“被决定的、被确定的”)构成。determine 源自拉丁语 determinare(“划定界限、限定”),与 terminus(“界限、终点”)相关;因此 underdetermined 字面可理解为“界限/约不够而无法确定”。

Related Words / 相关词

In Notable Works / 文献与著作中的用例

  • W. V. O. Quine《Two Dogmas of Empiricism》(讨论证据与理论之间关系时常涉及“欠定/不可唯一决定”的思想与表述)
  • Pierre Duhem《The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory》(与“理论被证据欠定”的经典讨论相关)
  • Thomas S. Kuhn《The Structure of Scientific Revolutions》(在讨论范式、证据与理论选择时常出现相关术语与论证语境)
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