macOS 使用 pyenv 安装和管理多个 Python 版本

前言

目前 Python 同时更新与维护 Python2 和 Python3，选择 Python2 还是选择 Python3，取决于当前要使用的库、框架支持哪个版本，所以经常会遇到切换版本的情况。那么 macOS 下应该怎样有效的更改呢？很多小伙伴一定会想到修改环境变量，指定 Python 的默认路径，这样当然可以，然而不够优雅。那么怎样的方法才算优雅呢？当然是一条命令了。这里通过 brew 安装 pyenv，再用 pyenv 安装管理 Python。

macOS 使用 pyenv 安装和管理多个 Python 版本

更新历史

2018 年 12 月 16 日 - 初稿

阅读原文 - https://wsgzao.github.io/post/macos-pyenv/

扩展阅读

pyenv - https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv

pyenv 简介

pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It's simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose tools that do one thing well.

This project was forked from rbenv and ruby-build, and modified for Python.

pynv does...

• Let you change the global Python version on a per-user basis.
• Provide support for per-project Python versions.
• Allow you to override the Python version with an environment variable.
• Search commands from multiple versions of Python at a time. This may be helpful to test across Python versions with tox.

In contrast with pythonbrew and pythonz, pyenv does not...

• Depend on Python itself. pyenv was made from pure shell scripts. There is no bootstrap problem of Python.
• Need to be loaded into your shell. Instead, pyenv's shim approach works by adding a directory to your $PATH.
• Manage virtualenv. Of course, you can create virtualenv yourself, or pyenv-virtualenv to automate the process.

安装 pyenv

Homebrew 是 macOS 下非常高效的命令行软件包管理器，mac 必安装工具之一

# 安装 homebrew /usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)" brew -v Homebrew 1.8.5 Homebrew/homebrew-core (git revision 497ca; last commit 2018-12-16) Homebrew/homebrew-cask (git revision 8be7c; last commit 2018-12-17) # 安装 pyenv brew update brew install pyenv pyenv -v pyenv 1.2.8 # 安装管理多个 Python pyenv install --list Available versions: 2.1.3 2.2.3 2.3.7 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.7-dev 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 2.7.8 2.7.9 2.7.10 2.7.11 2.7.12 2.7.13 2.7.14 2.7.15 3.0.1 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3.0 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.4.0 3.4-dev 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.4.8 3.4.9 3.5.0 3.5-dev 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.6.0 3.6-dev 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.7.0 3.7-dev 3.7.1 3.8-dev activepython-2.7.14 activepython-3.5.4 activepython-3.6.0 anaconda-1.4.0 anaconda-1.5.0 anaconda-1.5.1 anaconda-1.6.0 anaconda-1.6.1 anaconda-1.7.0 anaconda-1.8.0 anaconda-1.9.0 anaconda-1.9.1 anaconda-1.9.2 anaconda-2.0.0 anaconda-2.0.1 anaconda-2.1.0 anaconda-2.2.0 anaconda-2.3.0 anaconda-2.4.0 anaconda-4.0.0 anaconda2-2.4.0 anaconda2-2.4.1 anaconda2-2.5.0 anaconda2-4.0.0 anaconda2-4.1.0 anaconda2-4.1.1 anaconda2-4.2.0 anaconda2-4.3.0 anaconda2-4.3.1 anaconda2-4.4.0 anaconda2-5.0.0 anaconda2-5.0.1 anaconda2-5.1.0 anaconda2-5.2.0 anaconda2-5.3.0 anaconda3-2.0.0 anaconda3-2.0.1 anaconda3-2.1.0 anaconda3-2.2.0 anaconda3-2.3.0 anaconda3-2.4.0 anaconda3-2.4.1 anaconda3-2.5.0 anaconda3-4.0.0 anaconda3-4.1.0 anaconda3-4.1.1 anaconda3-4.2.0 anaconda3-4.3.0 anaconda3-4.3.1 anaconda3-4.4.0 anaconda3-5.0.0 anaconda3-5.0.1 anaconda3-5.1.0 anaconda3-5.2.0 anaconda3-5.3.0 ironpython-dev ironpython-2.7.4 ironpython-2.7.5 ironpython-2.7.6.3 ironpython-2.7.7 jython-dev jython-2.5.0 jython-2.5-dev jython-2.5.1 jython-2.5.2 jython-2.5.3 jython-2.5.4-rc1 jython-2.7.0 jython-2.7.1 micropython-dev micropython-1.9.3 micropython-1.9.4 miniconda-latest miniconda-2.2.2 miniconda-3.0.0 miniconda-3.0.4 miniconda-3.0.5 miniconda-3.3.0 miniconda-3.4.2 miniconda-3.7.0 miniconda-3.8.3 miniconda-3.9.1 miniconda-3.10.1 miniconda-3.16.0 miniconda-3.18.3 miniconda2-latest miniconda2-3.18.3 miniconda2-3.19.0 miniconda2-4.0.5 miniconda2-4.1.11 miniconda2-4.3.14 miniconda2-4.3.21 miniconda2-4.3.27 miniconda2-4.3.30 miniconda3-latest miniconda3-2.2.2 miniconda3-3.0.0 miniconda3-3.0.4 miniconda3-3.0.5 miniconda3-3.3.0 miniconda3-3.4.2 miniconda3-3.7.0 miniconda3-3.8.3 miniconda3-3.9.1 miniconda3-3.10.1 miniconda3-3.16.0 miniconda3-3.18.3 miniconda3-3.19.0 miniconda3-4.0.5 miniconda3-4.1.11 miniconda3-4.2.12 miniconda3-4.3.11 miniconda3-4.3.14 miniconda3-4.3.21 miniconda3-4.3.27 miniconda3-4.3.30 pypy-c-jit-latest pypy-c-nojit-latest pypy-dev pypy-stm-2.3 pypy-stm-2.5.1 pypy-1.5-src pypy-1.5 pypy-1.6 pypy-1.7 pypy-1.8 pypy-1.9 pypy-2.0-src pypy-2.0 pypy-2.0.1-src pypy-2.0.1 pypy-2.0.2-src pypy-2.0.2 pypy-2.1-src pypy-2.1 pypy-2.2-src pypy-2.2 pypy-2.2.1-src pypy-2.2.1 pypy-2.3-src pypy-2.3 pypy-2.3.1-src pypy-2.3.1 pypy-2.4.0-src pypy-2.4.0 pypy-2.5.0-src pypy-2.5.0 pypy-2.5.1-src pypy-2.5.1 pypy-2.6.0-src pypy-2.6.0 pypy-2.6.1-src pypy-2.6.1 pypy-4.0.0-src pypy-4.0.0 pypy-4.0.1-src pypy-4.0.1 pypy-5.0.0-src pypy-5.0.0 pypy-5.0.1-src pypy-5.0.1 pypy-5.1-src pypy-5.1 pypy-5.1.1-src pypy-5.1.1 pypy-5.3-src pypy-5.3 pypy-5.3.1-src pypy-5.3.1 pypy-5.4-src pypy-5.4 pypy-5.4.1-src pypy-5.4.1 pypy-5.6.0-src pypy-5.6.0 pypy-5.7.0-src pypy-5.7.0 pypy-5.7.1-src pypy-5.7.1 pypy2-5.3-src pypy2-5.3 pypy2-5.3.1-src pypy2-5.3.1 pypy2-5.4-src pypy2-5.4 pypy2-5.4.1-src pypy2-5.4.1 pypy2-5.6.0-src pypy2-5.6.0 pypy2-5.7.0-src pypy2-5.7.0 pypy2-5.7.1-src pypy2-5.7.1 pypy2.7-5.8.0-src pypy2.7-5.8.0 pypy2.7-5.9.0-src pypy2.7-5.9.0 pypy2.7-5.10.0-src pypy2.7-5.10.0 pypy2.7-6.0.0-src pypy2.7-6.0.0 pypy3-dev pypy3-2.3.1-src pypy3-2.3.1 pypy3-2.4.0-src pypy3-2.4.0 pypy3.3-5.2-alpha1-src pypy3.3-5.2-alpha1 pypy3.3-5.5-alpha-src pypy3.3-5.5-alpha pypy3.5-c-jit-latest pypy3.5-5.7-beta-src pypy3.5-5.7-beta pypy3.5-5.7.1-beta-src pypy3.5-5.7.1-beta pypy3.5-5.8.0-src pypy3.5-5.8.0 pypy3.5-5.9.0-src pypy3.5-5.9.0 pypy3.5-5.10.0-src pypy3.5-5.10.0 pypy3.5-5.10.1-src pypy3.5-5.10.1 pypy3.5-6.0.0-src pypy3.5-6.0.0 pyston-0.5.1 pyston-0.6.0 pyston-0.6.1 stackless-dev stackless-2.7-dev stackless-2.7.2 stackless-2.7.3 stackless-2.7.4 stackless-2.7.5 stackless-2.7.6 stackless-2.7.7 stackless-2.7.8 stackless-2.7.9 stackless-2.7.10 stackless-2.7.11 stackless-2.7.12 stackless-2.7.14 stackless-3.2.2 stackless-3.2.5 stackless-3.3.5 stackless-3.3.7 stackless-3.4-dev stackless-3.4.1 stackless-3.4.2 stackless-3.4.7 stackless-3.5.4 # 选择 Python 所需版本 pyenv install 2.7.15 pyenv install 3.6.7 # 初始化 pyenv init # Load pyenv automatically by appending # the following to ~/.zshrc: eval "$(pyenv init -)" # 重启 zsh exec "$SHELL" # 切换版本 pyenv global 2.7.15 pyenv shell 3.6.7 # 查看版本 pyenv versions system 2.7.15 * 3.6.7 (set by PYENV_VERSION environment variable) # pyenv 常用的命令说明 使用方式: pyenv <命令> [<参数>] 命令: commands 查看所有命令 local 设置或显示本地的 Python 版本 global 设置或显示全局 Python 版本 shell 设置或显示 shell 指定的 Python 版本 install 安装指定 Python 版本 uninstall 卸载指定 Python 版本) version 显示当前的 Python 版本及其本地路径 versions 查看所有已经安装的版本 which 显示安装路径 pyenv pyenv 1.2.8 Usage: pyenv <command> [<args>] Some useful pyenv commands are: commands List all available pyenv commands local Set or show the local application-specific Python version global Set or show the global Python version shell Set or show the shell-specific Python version install Install a Python version using python-build uninstall Uninstall a specific Python version rehash Rehash pyenv shims (run this after installing executables) version Show the current Python version and its origin versions List all Python versions available to pyenv which Display the full path to an executable whence List all Python versions that contain the given executable See `pyenv help <command>' for information on a specific command. For full documentation, see: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv#readme 

Mac 中安装 PySpider

在 PySpider 支持 Python3.7 之前只能暂时降级 Python

# 使用 pyenv 切换 python 版本 brew install pyenv pyenv install 3.6.7 pyenv shell 3.6.7 # 创建 PySpider 虚拟环境 mkdir pyspider cd pyspider python -m venv venv source venv/bin/active pip install pyspider # 安装期间出现 SSL 或 pycurl 错误 __main__.ConfigurationError: Curl is configured to use SSL, but we have not been able to determine which SSL backend it is using. Please see PycURL documentation for how to specify the SSL backend manually. # 解决方法 pip uninstall pycurl export PYCURL_SSL_LIBRARY=openssl export LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib;export CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include;pip install pycurl --compile --no-cache-dir # 重新安装并运行 pyspider pip install pyspider pyspider [W 181217 15:23:35 run:413] phantomjs not found, continue running without it. [I 181217 15:23:37 result_worker:49] result_worker starting... [I 181217 15:23:37 processor:211] processor starting... [I 181217 15:23:37 tornado_fetcher:638] fetcher starting... [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:647] scheduler starting... [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:782] scheduler.xmlrpc listening on 127.0.0.1:23333 [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:586] in 5m: new:0,success:0,retry:0,failed:0 [I 181217 15:23:37 app:76] webui running on 0.0.0.0:5000