V2EX stress tensor

Stress Tensor

定义 Definition

stress tensor(应力张量):连续介质力学中用来描述材料内部在某一点处、各个方向上的内力(应力)分布的二阶张量。它把“某个方向的面”上受到的“力/面积”系统地表示出来(常记作 σ)。在流体与固体、弹性与塑性、静力与动力学分析中都很常见。(在不同学科里也可细分为柯西应力张量等。)

发音 Pronunciation

/sts tn.s/

例句 Examples

The stress tensor describes internal forces in a material.
应力张量用于描述材料内部的内力分布。

In continuum mechanics, the divergence of the stress tensor appears in the momentum balance and links material deformation to forces.
在连续介质力学中,应力张量的散度会出现在动量守恒方程里,把材料变形与受力联系起来。

词源 Etymology

stress 源自中古法语 estrece/estresse(压力、紧迫),进一步可追溯到拉丁语 stringere(拉紧、束缚),因此在物理语境中引申为“应力/受力状态”。tensor 来自拉丁语 tendere(拉、伸展),数学上指能随坐标变换按规则变化的量;合起来 stress tensor 就是“用张量形式表达的应力”。

相关词 Related Words

文献与作品 Literary Works

  • Theory of Elasticity(Landau & Lifshitz,《弹性理论》)
  • Introduction to Continuum Mechanics(Malvern,《连续介质力学导论》)
  • An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics(Gurtin)
  • Fluid Mechanics(Batchelor,《流体力学》)
  • A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity(A. E. H. Love,《弹性数学理论论著》)
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