V2EX selection bias

Selection Bias

Definition / 定义

Selection bias(选择偏差):一种常见的统计与研究偏差,指样本的选取方式使其不能代表总体,从而导致结论被系统性地“带偏”。常见于问卷调查、医学研究、机器学习数据收集、招聘/录取等场景。(在统计学里也可与“抽样偏差”相关,但侧重点常在“选择机制导致的不代表性”。)

Pronunciation (IPA) / 发音

/ slkn bas /

Examples / 例句

The survey suffered from selection bias because only online users responded.
这项调查存在选择偏差,因为只有网民参与了回答。

If we only study companies that survived the recession, selection bias may make the strategy look more effective than it really is.
如果我们只研究在经济衰退中幸存的公司,选择偏差可能会让这种策略看起来比实际更有效。

Etymology / 词源

selection 源自拉丁语 selectio(“挑选、选择”),bias 源自法语 biais(“倾斜、偏向”)。合在一起强调:由于“选择/进入样本的过程”带有倾向性,导致结果系统性偏离真实情况。

Related Words / 相关词

In Notable Works / 文献与作品中的用例

  • Daniel Kahneman《Thinking, Fast and Slow》(《思考,快与慢》)中讨论判断与证据时,常涉及样本不代表总体带来的偏差思路。
  • Nate Silver《The Signal and the Noise》讨论预测与数据陷阱时,经常提到包括选择偏差在内的统计误区。
  • Judea Pearl & Dana Mackenzie《The Book of Why》在因果推断语境下谈到“选择机制”如何影响我们从数据得出的结论。
  • David Spiegelhalter《The Art of Statistics》以通俗方式讲解现实研究中选择偏差等常见问题。
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