V2EX principal-agent problem

Principal-Agent Problem

Definition|释义

委托代理问题:当“委托人(principal)”把任务或决策权交给“代理人(agent)”时,由于双方目标不一致、信息不对称或监督成本高,代理人可能会选择更有利于自己但不利于委托人的行为,从而产生效率损失或风险(如偷懒、道德风险、过度冒险等)。该概念常见于公司治理、金融、公共管理与合同设计中。

Pronunciation|发音

/prnspl ednt prblm/

Examples|例句

The principal-agent problem can happen when managers don’t act in shareholders’ best interests.
委托代理问题可能发生在管理者没有以股东的最大利益行事时。

In large organizations, the principal-agent problem is often reduced by incentives, monitoring, and clear performance contracts, but it rarely disappears entirely.
在大型组织中,委托代理问题常通过激励、监督与明确的绩效合约来缓解,但很少能被彻底消除。

Etymology|词源

该术语由两部分构成:principal(委托人、当事人之一)源自拉丁语 princeps(“首要的、主要的”);agent(代理人)源自拉丁语 agere(“行动、做事”)。二者组合用于经济学与法学语境强调“做决定/承担后果的人”与“实际执行的人”可能不是同一方,从而引发激励不一致与信息不对称的问题。

Related Words|相关词

Notable Works|文学与著作中的用例

  • Michael C. Jensen & William H. Meckling,《Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure》(1976)
  • Stephen A. Ross,《The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal’s Problem》(1973)
  • Jean-Jacques Laffont & David Martimort,《The Theory of Incentives: The PrincipalAgent Model》(2002)
  • Paul Milgrom & John Roberts,《Economics, Organization and Management》(1992)
  • Oliver Hart,《Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure》(1995)
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