V2EX negative sampling

Negative Sampling

释义 Definition

负采样:一种常用于机器学习(尤其是词向量、推荐系统、对比学习等)的训练技巧。它在大量“负例”(不相关/不匹配的样本)中只抽取一小部分来参与训练,从而降低计算成本并提高训练效率。(在不同任务中实现方式会有差异。)

发音 Pronunciation (IPA)

/ntv smpl/

例句 Examples

We used negative sampling to speed up training.
我们使用负采样来加速训练。

Instead of computing the full softmax over millions of words, the model learns by contrasting the true context with a few randomly chosen negatives via negative sampling.
模型不再对数百万词做完整的 softmax 计算,而是通过负采样抽取少量随机负例,与真实上下文进行对比学习。

词源 Etymology

negative 源自拉丁语 negativus,表示“否定的”;sampling 来自 sample(样本)+ -ing(名词化/动作名词后缀)。合起来直译是“对负例进行抽样”,强调“不是把所有负例都算一遍,而是抽一部分来学”。

相关词 Related Words

文献与作品 Literary / Notable Works

  • Mikolov et al., “Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality”(2013)
  • Goldberg & Levy, “word2vec Explained: Deriving Mikolov et al.’s Negative-Sampling Word-Embedding Method”(2014,讲解性文章)
  • Jurafsky & Martin, Speech and Language Processing(在词向量/语言建模相关章节常提及)
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