V2EX density-functional theory

Density-Functional Theory

释义 Definition

密度泛函理论(DFT):一种量子力学计算方法,用电子密度(而不是多电子波函数)来描述体系的基态性质,从而高效预测分子与固体的结构、能量、反应性、能带等。常用于计算化学、材料科学与凝聚态物理。(注:在不同语境下也可泛指“密度泛函方法/框架”。)

发音 Pronunciation (IPA)

/dn.s.ti fk..nl θ.ri/

例句 Examples

Density-functional theory helps us predict molecular shapes.
密度泛函理论帮助我们预测分子的几何结构。

Using density-functional theory with a suitable exchangecorrelation functional, the researchers computed adsorption energies on a metal surface and compared them with experiment.
研究人员使用密度泛函理论并选择合适的交换-相关泛函,计算了分子在金属表面的吸附能,并与实验结果进行比较。

词源与演变 Etymology

该术语由三部分组成:density(密度) + functional(泛函的) + theory(理论)。其中 functional 在数学与物理中指“以函数为自变量的量”(泛函),DFT 的核心思想是:体系某些物理量(尤其是基态能量)可以表示为电子密度的泛函。这一表述在 20 世纪 60 年代由 Hohenberg、Kohn 等人奠基,随后 KohnSham 方案使其成为可计算的实用方法。

相关词 Related Words

文献与著作中的用例 Literary Works

  • **P. Hohenberg & W. Kohn (1964)**:Inhomogeneous Electron Gas(提出基态性质由电子密度唯一决定的理论基础)。
  • **W. Kohn & L. J. Sham (1965)**:Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects(提出 KohnSham 方程,使 DFT 便于实际计算)。
  • R. G. Parr & W. YangDensity-Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules(经典教材式专著)。
  • R. M. MartinElectronic Structure: Basic Theory and Practical Methods(系统讲解电子结构与 DFT 的代表性教材)。
  • W. Koch & M. C. HolthausenA Chemist’s Guide to Density Functional Theory(面向化学学习者的常用入门书)。
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